Bibliography of Gambian Related Publications

Agriculture

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Title: Application Of A Systems-Approach To Problem Analysis Of African Animal Trypanosomiasis In The Gambia
Date: 1996
Source: AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS v. 51 no. 3 96 JUL p. 339-356
Author(s): SNOW, W F; NORTON, G A; RAWLINGS, P
Abstract: The application of systems analysis techniques identified a number of key factors which will determine future developments in the Gambian livestock industry, with especial reference to traditionally managed trypanotolerant, N'dama cattle, and the importance of tsetse and trypanosomiasis. Different components of the analysis repeatedly identified the following key factors: human population growth; declining rainfall; loss of tree cover; trends in land-use including increased areas under cultivation, reduced fallowing and reduced access for grazing; livestock numbers; prices for groundnuts (the main cash crop) and cattle; and indicators of national wealth reflecting cash available to invest in livestock or to purchase livestock products. In many areas tsetse and trypanosomiasis appear to be in decline as a result of habitat destruction but they are likely to persist in others where trypanotolerant animals face a high risk of trypanosomiasis infection and active control may bring significant benefits. Several of the identified trends raise doubts concerning the long-term sustainability of traditional grazing on common land, although improved, intensive management strategies can do much to alleviate these problems. Copyright (C) 1996 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
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Title: Export Horticultural Production In Sub-Saharan Africa The Incorporation Of The Gambia
Date: 1996
Source: GEOGRAPHY v. 81 no. 350 pt. 1 96 JAN p. 47-56
Author(s): BARRETT, H; BROWNE, A
Abstract: This article examines the incorporation of sub-Saharan Africa into the international trade in fresh fruit, flowers and vegetables. This trade has accelerated in recent years due to changes in the international trading environment and the need for diversification of the export base within Africa. The factors that have propelled African countries into this sector will be examined in the context of a four-phase model of horticultural integration. Using The Gambia as a case study, details are given of the ways in which horticultural products are produced and marketed and the mechanisms which link growers to retailers in Europe. The economic and social impacts of this expanding agricultural sector in The Gambia are discussed Economic effects include benefits to the national economy, employment opportunities and the development of contract farming. Social implications include a discussion of gender and resource allocation at the community and household levels. Horticultural production provides a potential opportunity for many sub-Saharan African countries to increase their export revenues. The example of The Gambia demonstrates some of the challenges this new international trade poses for rural Africa.
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Title: Using Plant Analysis To Guide Research And Extension Programs In The Gambia
Date: 1996
Source: COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS v. 27 no. 5-8 96 p. 1311-1329
Author(s): PETERS, J B; SCHULTE, E E
Abstract: To support the development of viable plant nutrition research in The Gambia, a basic soil fertility laboratory was established in the Department of Agricultural Research, Ministry of Agriculture, by the Gambia Agricultural Research and Diversification (GARD) Project. To assess the fertility status of soils throughout the country, 1,152 soil samples were collected from maize (Zea mays), millet (Pennisetum glaucum),and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) fields. The supply of available nutrients was assessed in 567 fields using plant analysis on the same three indicator crops. Soil fertility levels as measured by soil tests were found to be much higher in fields where maize was grown than in fields planted to groundnut or millet. Tissue analyses indicated that zinc (Zn) and nitrogen (N) were most limiting to maize production. Millet was very efficient in utilizing nutrients available at relatively low levels. Nitrogen was frequently limiting in groundnut, suggesting that proper nodulation is not occurring. Plant analysis data can be used to help guide future soil test calibration work and agronomic and horticultural research. Secondary and micronutrient levels shown to be limiting production in this study should be taken into consideration before running traditional nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (N-P-K) studies.
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Title: Drought, agriculture and environment: a case study from the Gambia, West Africa.
Date: 1995
Source: African Affairs; Jan 1995, v94, n374, p67(20)
Author(s): Baker, Kathleen M.
Abstract: Drought is the major reason cited by Gambian farmers for the failure of their crops. The protracted drought began in the late 1960s and is ongoing 30 years later. Drought has changed the physical conditions of the land making it difficult to plant traditional crops such as rice, millet, groundnuts and sorghum. In addition to changing the land, drought is the major reason for the young members of the community to seek employment elsewhere, leaving the elderly to care for crops.
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Title: Helminth-Parasites And Hypobiosis Of Nematodes In Ndama Cattle During The Dry Season In The Gambia
Date: 1995
Source: VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY v. 60 no. 1-2 95 NOV p. 161-166
Author(s): NDAO, M; PANDEY, V S; ZINSSTAG, J; PFISTER, K
Abstract: Three series of necropsies of cattle were performed, corresponding to early dry season, approximately 1 month after the last rains (November, n = 6), mid dry season (February, n = 6) and end dry season (April, n = 3), Eggs per gram of faeces (epg) were determined just before necropsy; Three trematodes (Fasciola gigantica, Schistosoma spp. and Paramphistomatids) and 11 nematodes were identified from cattle, with the prevalence rate varying from 6.7% to 100%. Haemonchus contortus was the most abundant nematode species, constituting from 81% (February) to 34.8% (April) of the total nematode burden. The proportion of L(4) (indicating hypobiosis) of H. contortus was 85-99%, During the dry season, 44-67% of Oesophagostomum radiatum and 8-34% of Cooperia spp, population occurred as L(4). There was no correlation between the number of worms found at necropsy and the epg. H. contortus survives almost exclusively as larvae in the abomasal mucosae, whereas Cooperia spp. and O. radiatum survive partly as larvae in the lumen, and also in nodules in the case of O. radiatum, and partly as hypometabolic adults with highly reduced fecundity. Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, Bunostomum phlebotomum, Strongyloides papillosus, Nematodirus spp. and Setaria labiatopapillosa occurred in small numbers.
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Title: Influence Of Suckling On Calving Interval Of Ndama Cows In The Gambia
Date: 1995
Source: TROPICAL ANIMAL HEALTH AND PRODUCTION v. 27 no. 3 95 AUG p. 191-192
Author(s): SANYANG, F B; WAGNER, H G R; CLIFFORD, D J
Abstract:
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Title: The Potential For Small-Scale Oilseed Expelling In Conjunction With Poultry Production In Developing-Countries
Date: 1995
Source: WORLDS POULTRY SCIENCE JOURNAL v. 51 no. 2 95 JUL p. 167-176
Author(s): PANIGRAHI, S
Abstract: Small-scale oil expelling is a natural component of agricultural systems in the poorer African and Asian countries. This paper relates to the work of the Natural Resources Institute and the assistance it has given to the installation and operation of small-scale oilseed expellers in a number of countries including Zambia, Gambia and Sudan. A concept of integrated agricultural development is outlined comprising oilseed cultivation, small-scale expelling and poultry production. Consideration is given to differences in nutritive value of the oilseed meals produced, oilseed processing technology and the need for interdisciplinary research, coupled with co-ordinated strategies, in order to maximize the impact on farming: communities which have desperately few resources.
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Title: Agricultural policies and performance in the Gambia.
Date: 1994
Source: Journal of Asian and African Studies; Jan-April 1994, v29, n1-2, p36(29)
Author(s): Akinboade, Oludele A.
Abstract: The paper examines the performance of Gambian agriculture in relation to the past and present government policies that have been implemented for the development of the sector. Gambian agriculture is still largely based on the traditional system of shifting cultivation using very small independent farming units. Yields are generally low. Post-independence agricultural policy focused on institution building and hence encouraged the creation of agricultural institutions, kept producer prices low and highly subsidized agricultural inputs. Gambian agriculture has been unable to respond greatly to these inducements and other initiatives as yields remain practically stagnant and production revolves around a declining trend. The faulty implementation of subsidized credit programme resulted in regressive income transfer to a small group of influential Gambians who defaulted on large loans. The result was a weakening of the financial system and the collapse of development banks. There was a policy turn-around during the economic recovery programme and the subsequent programme for sustained development. Agricultural input subsidies are being progressively removed to assure long term policy sustainability though producer prices are still lower than the free market levels. Agricultural employment policy focuses on self-employment and the development of informal sector employment. As the size of formal agriculture is small, the wage policy had no immediate relevance and is under consideration for removal. COPYRIGHT E.J. Brill (The Netherlands) 1994
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Title: Flowering Plants of The Gambia
Date: 1994
Source: ISBN: 9054101970 Trade Paper USD 40.00 R
Author(s): Jones, Michael
Abstract: 144 p ill.
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Title: Shady practice: gender and the political ecology of resource stabilization in Gambian garden/orchards.
Date: 1993
Source: Economic Geography; Oct 1993, v69, n4, p349(17)
Author(s): Schroeder, Richard A.
Abstract:
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Title: Ecological and economic change along the middle reaches of the Gambia River, 1945-1985.
Date: 1992
Source: African Affairs; Oct 1992, v91, n365, p543(23)
Author(s): Webb, James L.A., Jr.
Abstract: Environmental and economic changes governed the patterns of agriculture along Gambia River's middle reaches between 1945 and 1985. Ecological changes such as increased salination when there was less rainfall disrupted rice farming, the subsistence crop which was unable to survive at higher salination levels. The demand for exported groundnuts caused male farmers to turn away from subsistence crops and women became the main cultivators of rice. Numerous government programs were implemented to stimulate subsistence crop growing to prevent malnutrition, but with little success.
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Title: Economics Of VIllage Cattle Production In Tsetse Affected Areas Of Africa: A Study Of Trypanosomiasis Control Using Trypanotolerant Cattle And Chemotherapy In Ethiopia, Kenya, The Gambia, Cote D'Ivoire, Zaire And Togo.
Date: 1992
Source: Thesis (DR.SC.TECH)--EIDGENOSSISCHE TECHNISCHE HOCHSCHULE ZURICH (SWITZERLAND), 1992. 386 p.; This item is not available from University Microfilms International. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 54-02, Section: C, page: 0407.
Author(s): ITTY, PRADEEP.
Abstract: Trypanosomiasis, a disease transmitted by the tsetse fly, is a major constraint to the development of livestock production in Africa. This study examines the economics of producing village cattle with trypanocidal drugs and/or trypanotolerant cattle. Cost-benefit analyses are carried out to assess returns to the society and to producers. A dynamic herd simulation model is used to project herd performances on the basis of actual biological and economic data. Rapid Rural Appraisal provides description of the farming systems. In Ethiopia and Kenya, susceptible cattle are produced using trypanocidal drugs. Results show that this could be profitable to society and to producers but is not sustainable due to high risks of drug resistance. In the Ethiopian site, vector control is likely to be more profitable than drugs. In Kenya, the share contract between cattle owners and keepers should be taken into account if interventions are to succeed. In both sites, improved milk production is highly profitable. The traditional use of trypanotolerant cattle is illustrated by The Gambia (Keneba and Gunjur) and Cote d'Ivoire (Boundiali). The social profitability is high in Keneba and Boundiali because of the high shadow price of traded outputs. In Gunjur, the social returns are far lower because of higher costs and lower biological productivity. Returns to producers are always considerably lower than to society due to high market costs of herding. The introduction of trypanotolerant cattle is examined for Togo and Zaire. Benefits are considerably limited since fresh milk (a new product) is not consumed. In spite of this, social returns are attractive. In Zaire, the herds yield reasonable private profits with or without subsidies. In contrast, returns are very low once the large subsidies are excluded in Togo. The two control methods investigated are compared to other techniques. In view of trypanosome resistance, drugs will increasingly be used for strategic purposes and in conjunction with other control techniques. Trypanotolerant cattle are suited for situations with low to medium trypanosome prevalence. Tsetse control is appropriate in situations with higher disease risk but requires commitment till eradication. Traps and screens are generally most profitable for tsetse control.
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Title: Land rights and agricultural development in West Africa: a case study of two Chinese projects.
Date: 1992
Source: Journal of Developing Areas; Oct 1992, v27, n1, p21(12)
Author(s): Brautigam, Deborah
Abstract: The Irrigated Rice and Vegetable Project in Gambia and the Rice and Vegetable Agrotechnical Station Project in Sierra Leone were evaluated. These Chinese-sponsored projects deal with swamp and upland area development for irrigated rice cultivation. The projects were designed to introduce Chinese technology for increased rice production since rice is the staple food in both countries. The projects, which were intended to help the farmers, encountered difficulties due to diverse concepts of land ownership.
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Title: Environmental and economic sustainability: women's horticultural production in The Gambia.
Date: 1991
Source: Geography; July 1991, v76, n332, p241(8)
Author(s): Barrett, Hazel; Browne, Angela
Abstract: The role of women in environmental management is a crucial importance in sub-Saharan Africa, a region where women are major contributors to agricultural production. Using women's horticultural projects in The Gambia as case studies, this paper contrasts the sustainability of projects with differing approaches to environmental management and technology inputs. One top-down scheme is studied, in depth with a detailed analysis of its environmental and economic viability. The agricultural practices and irrigation technology associated with this cheme make it unsustainable in the long term. Small-scale projects are found to make better use of women's farming skills, but involve greater use of their time and energy. It is argued that development projects must not undermine the resource base upon which women rely for their livelihoods. COPYRIGHT Geographical Association (UK) 1991
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Title: Increasing Rice Production In The Inland Valley Swamps Of Western Gambia (Swamps).
Date: 1991
Source: Thesis (PH.D.)--THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN - MADISON, 1991. 258 p.; Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 52-12, Section: B, page: 6143. Co-supervisors: JOSHUA L. POSNER; EARL T. GRITTON.
Author(s): REMINGTON, THOMAS RICHARD.
Abstract: Low and erratic rainfall in The Gambia has adversely affected inland valley swamp hydrology, contributing to a 30% decline in rice production. Dikes have recently been constructed in many small valleys in Western Gambia to retain run-off and prevent salt-water intrusion. This study, conducted in 1987 and 1988, describes the groundwater hydrology and soils of three small valleys and assesses the impact of dikes on rice production. Promising animal traction technologies were also tested. The water table in the valley bottoms reaches the surface with approximately 200 mm of rain and remains stable until well after the cessation of the rains. Traditionally, women exploited the prolonged high water table in the valley bottom by delaying transplanting until after upland crops had been seeded. With the completion of the Somita and Ndemban dikes however, the valley bottom was submerged by late July in both years. This early flooding forced women to either abandon and not transplant the deepest rice fields or drain the reservoir by breaching the dikes. Fitting the Ndemban dike with a sluice gate in 1988 delayed the time of permanent flooding but did not prevent repeated temporary submersion of the crop. The Bakalar dike lowered the level of salinity but did not prevent the occurrence of acidity and iron toxicity, and therefore also resulted in no increase in the area cultivated. More promising than earthen dikes was the introduction of animal traction into the rice fields. Moist and wet rice fields were successfully moldboard plowed with a pair of oxen. Dry tillage was possible with a spring-tooth harrow if the penetrometer resistance was less than 50 bars. Seeding was mechanized with a donkey-drawn SuperEco seeder followed by multiple cultivations with an Occidental hoe. Women farmers were interested in adopting these technologies which had, to date, been used only in upland cropping systems. This study concludes with a proposal for an integrated watershed management approach to increasing rice yields in the small inland valleys of The Gambia.
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Title: The Marketing of Foodstuffs in the Gambia, 1400-1980: a Geographical Analysis. (book reviews)
Date: 1990
Source: The Journal of African History; May 1990, v31, n2, p317(2)
Author(s): Martin, Susan
Abstract:
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Title: The Marketing of Foodstuffs in the Gambia: 1400-1980. (book reviews)
Date: 1990
Source: African Affairs; April 1990, v89, n355, p299(1)
Author(s): Baker, Kathy
Abstract:
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Title: The Impact of New Crop Technology on the Agricultural Division of Labor in a West African Setting.
Date: 1989
Source: Economic Development & Cultural Change; Apr 1989, v37n3, p. 513-534 (22 pages)
Author(s): von Braun, Joachim.; Webb, Patrick J. R.
Abstract: The impact of technological change is investigated in a West African environment, that of Gambia, where a project introducing a new technology in rice production (centralized pump irrigation) was specifically designed to address the issue of differential gender roles in farming. Rice was traditionally a woman's crop grown in individual farms, but changes in rice production technology have seen it become a communal crop under male control. The whole intrahousehold division of labor in farming between men and women has been affected by the change. The reassignment of rice as a communal crop has led some women to expand their individual production of upland export crops, such as groundnuts and cotton. Production system changes have resulted in an absolute increase in the burden of communal agriculture for both men and women, although the increase was relatively more for women than for men. The increased expansion of communal agriculture leads to a reduced ability of individual farmers to maximize their individual welfare.
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Title: The Marketing of Foodstuffs in the Gambia, 1400-1980: A Geographical Analysis. (book reviews)
Date: 1989
Source: MAN; June 1989, v24, n2, p353(1)
Author(s): Linares, Olga F.
Abstract:
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Title: The Marketing of Foodstuffs in the Gambia: 1400-1980. (book reviews)
Date: 1989
Source: Geography; Jan 1989, v74, n322, p77(2)
Author(s): Binns, J.A.
Abstract:
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Title: Gambian Women With Mills Grow More Food
Date: 1988
Source: African Business, No. 123 (November 1988), 59-60
Author(s): Madeley, John
Abstract:
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Title: The Marketing of Foodstuffs in the Gambia, 1400-1980 Edition: 2nd ed.
Date: 1988
Source: ISBN: 0566054876 Cloth Text USD 54.95 R
Author(s): Barrett, Hazel
Abstract: 245 p
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Title: Women's Horticulture in the Peri-Urban Zone, The Gambia.
Date: 1988
Source: Geography, Vol. 173, 158-160
Author(s): Barrett, Hazel R. and Browne, Angela W.
Abstract:
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Title: Agricultural Tenancy And Contracts: An Economic Analysis Of The Strange Farmer System In The Gambia (Migrant; Seasonal Labor).
Date: 1987
Source: Thesis (PH.D.)--VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY, 1987. 175 p.; Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 48-08, Section: A, page: 2118.
Author(s): SALLAH, TIJAN MOMADOU.
Abstract: This dissertation explores, both theoretically and empirically, the role of strange farmers in the Gambia's mono-cash crop economy and analyzes the structure of strange farmer contracts within the context of rural production relations; i.e. the relations of economic agents to resources of production in terms of their use and ownership rights and the relations between economic agents as principals (i.e. landlords) and agents (i.e. workers; strange farmers). Strange farmers, the migrant laborers who come from the West African hinterland to farm in the coastal areas of the Senegambia region due to certain transaction cost advantages, constitute a dynamic population adjustment to West Africa's spatial, unequal spread of resources. It is argued in this study that the reason "strange farming" has continued to persist is because it is flexible and adaptable to the prevailing agroclimatic conditions and endowments of the West Africa region, and to the economic changes induced by the interplay of internal (the government; technology) and external (e.g., world primary commodity markets) institutional and market forces. Detailed analysis of the strange farmer contract (a contract of "input sharing"), as contrasted with wage, fixed-rent, and sharecropping, is presented; and emphasis is placed on the "strangeness' of the strange farmers (the fact that they are non-residents of their farming areas) as the distinguishing feature of the contract. Our analysis considers how environmental and idiosyncratic factors such as information, risk, and incentive constraints impinge on agents in this environment and how alternative models of the strange farmer system explain how such problems are circumvented. The study concludes by examining the efficiency and (briefly) the equity implications of strange farming, and argues that strange farming performs the vital economic role of providing otherwise labor deficient landlords with a steady and timely supply of labor throughout the farming season and indeed circumvents the contract enforcement and shirking problems posed by a second-best environment.
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Title: Chinese Agricultural Aid In West Africa: A Technical, Economic And Institutional Analysis Of Three Chinese Rice Projects In Liberia, Sierra Leone And The Gambia.
Date: 1987
Source: Thesis (PH.D.)--FLETCHER SCHOOL OF LAW AND DIPLOMACY (TUFTS UNIVERSITY), 1987. 650 p.; Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 48-07, Section: A, page: 1881.
Author(s): BRAUTIGAM, DEBORAH ANNE.
Abstract: Project-based agricultural technology transfer is a twentieth century phenomenon, comprised primarily of transfers from North to South. This thesis examines an alternative to the norm: technical cooperation between developing countries, in the form of three Chinese rice projects in three West African countries: Liberia, Sierra Leone, and The Gambia. Using an interdisciplinary approach that treats projects as "open systems," an approach that recognizes the interrelatedness of technology, society, institutions and economics, the dissertation addresses the question of the nature and effect of the Chinese approach to agricultural assistance in West Africa. The study is based on fifteen months' fieldwork in West Africa. After outlining a model of modern agricultural development in China, the study establishes that the Chinese agricultural projects do indeed involve an attempt to transfer important aspects of the techniques, organizational forms, and ideology that characterize China's own agricultural development. The technical designs of the three projects undertaken by the Chinese indicate clearly that the innovations introduced by the Chinese represent an attempt to apply their own rural solutions to West African agricultural needs. But political pressures to set up successful demonstration farms led to intensive Chinese management which the host countries have found difficult to replicate or continue. The study also assesses the technical and organizational appropriateness and the costs and benefits of the projects. The Chinese irrigation systems, small-scale agricultural machines and implements, rice seed, and intensive, high management cultivation techniques were physically well-suited for West African rice production. However, the economic analysis establishes that for most of the Chinese rice farming techniques, the social cost of production exceeds the benefits. Yet because of heavy government subsidies, many of these techniques were still financially profitable. In fact, the high management, labor intensive model most resembling Chinese domestic practice was the most financially profitable in all three countries. Farmers, however, have not adopted this model, indicating that the diffusion of this innovation is dependent on more than profitability. In this case, diffusion was influenced heavily by the institutional elements in the Chinese project system.
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Title: The Social History Of Gambian Rice Production: An Analysis Of Food Security Strategies.
Date: 1986
Source: Thesis (PH.D.)--UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY, 1986. 366 p.; Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 48-05, Section: A, page: 1284.
Author(s): CARNEY, JUDITH ANN.
Abstract: Rice has become the primary cereal staple in The Gambia although the country is not, and has not been for some time, self-sufficient. Food security policies in The Gambia have long focused on rice, most recently through import-substitution projects. Domestic cereal demand continues to grow, however, and rice imports currently account for more than half The Gambia's annual needs. This dissertation presents an historical case study of local rice production to examine the genesis and character of the Gambian food crisis. In this work, constraints on food production are treated historically and theoretically. First, changes in the domestic organization of labor and shifting relations of resource access are charted over the period from the early nineteenth century to the present. Second, these transformations are viewed theoretically as the outcome of local adjustments to specific forms of commoditization and state agricultural policies. In The Gambia, agricultural development did not bring about the complete dissolution of non-capitalist food production systems. Instead rice, traditionally cultivated by women, emerged as the primary food staple, which led to a marked sexual division of labor and specialized ecosystem use. The historical legacy is examined in relation to the contemporary failure of irrigated rice projects to achieve domestic food security. In the first phase of irrigation, from 1966 to 1980, the projects were oriented solely to men. While this ruptured the prevailing gender basis of rice cultivation, male control led to an under-utilization of the perimeters. A recently-implemented irrigation project aims to overcome productivity constraints by demanding double-cropping as a condition for participation. By utilizing insights from recent advances in household research, an empirical study of the Jahaly Pacharr project illuminates the manner in which men and women are responding to rapid commercialization of rice. Multiple struggles both between and within households are developing over access to irrigated land and family labor. The study argues that the ability of the irrigation sector to achieve national food security and local economic improvement rests on (i) the resolution of these conflicts and (ii) the use of the investible surpluses generated by participants in the projects.
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Title: An Economic Analysis Of Rice Production Systems And Production Organization Of Rice Farmers In The Gambia.
Date: 1983
Source: Thesis (PH.D.)--MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY, 1983. 321 p.; Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 44-12, Section: A, page: 3755.
Author(s): KARGBO, ALIMAMI M.
Abstract: The main objectives of this study were to identify and describe the different rice production systems, determine and compare the financial and economic costs and returns of the different rice production systems, and to estimate the total amount of resources used in rice farming and the rice incomes of rice farmers. Four different types of rice production systems were identified--upland rice, bafaro, mangrove, and irrigated rice. The observed yields were about 1.3, 1.8, 1.9, 2.7, and 2.4 tons of paddy with labor inputs of about 254, 361, 326, 331, and 324 workdays per hectare of upland rice, bafaro rice, mangrove rice, dry and wet season irrigated rice, respectively. Family labor contributed more than 90% of the labor inputs. Women accounted for more than 87% of the total labor input in the upland, bafaro, and mangrove rice systems and more than 50% in the irrigated rice systems. Men contributed more than 90% of the total labor input in all upland crops. In the financial analysis, all rice systems had positive net enterprise incomes, but only upland rice and mangrove rice had returns per workday to family labor and management that were higher than the enterprise wage rate. The economic analysis showed negative net economic returns for all the rice enterprises. A sensitivity analysis revealed that only upland rice and mangrove rice, and to a limited extent, bafaro rice offered any hope for optimism regarding the national goal of achieving self-sufficiency in rice production. The financial and economic analysis of all the upland crops showed positive net enterprise incomes and net economic returns. Adopting a policy of rice self-sufficiency through an expansion of irrigated rice cultivation may lead to substantial reductions in the gross domestic product of the country. Groundnut is by far the most important source of income utilizing about 39% of the land cultivated and 26% of the total crop labor input per household. Upland cereals and rice each accounted for 39% of the land area cultivated. They used about 18% and 55% of the crop labor input, respectively. This study recommends that in the long run prices received by farmers be increased for all food grains; that women's cooperatives be established for rice marketing; that upland rice, mangrove rice, and bafaro rice be given equal attention as that accorded to irrigated rice; that an efficient input delivery system be established; and that women become an integral part of the planning and implementation process of all rice development programs in The Gambia.
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Title: Strategies for Small Farmer Development An Empirical Study of Rural Development Projects in the Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Nigeria, Bolivia, Colombia, Mexico, Paraguay & Peru
Date: 1976
Source: Series: Special Studies in Social, Political & Economic Development Ser.; ISBN: 0891580174 Library Binding USD 52.50 R
Author(s): Morss, Elliott R.
Abstract: 1000 p
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Title: Cotton in the Gambia Report on the Cotton Development Project 1975 to 1978
Date:
Source: ISBN: 0851351093 Trade Cloth USD 35.00 R
Author(s): King, W. J.
Abstract:
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